RESEARCH PROJECT & PROPOSAL 1 & 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

RESEARCH PROJECT & PROPOSAL 1 & 2 - Essay Example ementioned category which is distinguishing the product in a unique way, making it more interesting and attractive to a firm’s most desirable target segments (Hill and Hoskisson 2014). Many companies attempt to differentiate through benefits and features of a product that are unique to other competitive offerings, however not all firms manage to innovate such features to gain a unique, differentiated identity. Physical properties of a product, such as reliability and durability may not actually be unique from competitors, leading firms to seek alternative differentiation strategies to achieve the presentation of a more desirable and attractive product or service. Hence, many companies seek a promotional strategy in marketing, using advertising and consistent integrated marketing communications strategies to achieve a unique brand identity in a firm’s established market. One of the most common strategies, and often an expensive endeavour, is to seek celebrity endorsement of the product or brand as a means of making a product appear more attractive and relevant to consumer markets. Celebrities are defined as a person that has gained a recognised name and reputation that manages to attract attention from others (Gupta 2009). A person is considered a true celebrity when they have managed to attract popularity and fame, usually through media forums, that promote the person’s accomplishments or successes. Visibility in television programming, the achievement of substantial wealth, or one’s high performance in a particular domain, such as being a valuable athlete in sports, serves to distinguish the celebrity from others in general society. A celebrity might even have socially-aspirational physical features and attributes which portray consumers the impression that this individual is superior to others or generally remarkable and extraordina ry (Morgan 2010). Kahle and Homer (1985) discovered in a study that celebrities maintain characteristics which make them

Lifecycle of a Plastic Product Essay Example for Free

Lifecycle of a Plastic Product Essay Our life has been full with the uses of plastic in our daily life, in food and beverages to the appliances surrounding our daily life. Plastic was made from simple chains of molecules that are linked together called as Polymers. Thus, make many types of plastics are named starting with ‘Poly’ such Polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) More commonly known as rubbish or garbage such as packaging products, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, household appliances, paint, these daily items we use then throw away, and battery. It comes from our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses [2]. Each year, a report on the EPA Advanced Certificate Management Amendment: Facts and Figures 2013, formerly known as Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: Facts and Figures. It contains information on municipal solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal. MSW trace after 30 years, source limit reports (waste prevention) MSW and MSW tipping landfill fees for historical information, generation and demolition Additional information on the information, which has been extended to include outside the scope. The new name emphasizes the importance of sustainable content management (CM). CM refers to the use and recycling of materials in a more productive and durable manner throughout their entire lifecycle. SMM practices to conserve resources reduce waste, slow climate change, the materials we use to reduce their impact on the environment. In 2013, nearly 254 million tons of garbage, recycled and converted to US fertilizer products of 87 million tons, equivalent to 34.3 percent recycling rate was generated. On average, we recycled and 40: 40 pounds per person per day. Even from that, plastic is a very crucial part of our everyday lives, as it been used and basically can be found everywhere. Some examples of usage of plastics are in electronics and surgical instrument as plastic is lightweight, cheap and easy to build. Other than that, plastic is very useful when dealing with durability along with times, it is because plastics don’t easily be damaged by surrounding, unlike iron that can rust over time if in contact with water. Plastic also has a great impact on our today telecommunication, as the world evolves with the technology, a higher demand for internet is needed and fiber optics cable for faster communication with others is needed. The main substances used to produce fiber optic is plastic, in vehicles plastic parts is also one of the major parts needed as it used because it optimizes the power usage and makes them more efficient. The parts that used plastic in a vehicle are including seats, polycarbonate windows and interior panel. Basically, plastic has its own advantages and disadvantages that made it impossible to be ban completely as its usage in every part of daily lives. Even though, it has an important role as one of the vital resources in domestic and also industrial, because of plastics characteristics that are durable, water-resistant, lightweight and cheaper. The usage of plastic needs to supervise and handled appropriately for disposal. Not properly disposing of plastic could lead to plastic pollution due to the basic property of plastic that made it so durable and take thousands of years to decomposed [1]. The overuse of plastic and plastic pollution could give a number of effects on the environment and ecosystem. The effect to the environment is the landfills of plastic wastage due to overuse of plastic because of it cheaper and easier to be obtained. Other than that, an open burning with plastic will release dangerous chemical gasses to the air and could lead to impotence, cancer, asthma and etc. other than that, an authorized disposal of plastics to the sea or river could harm the animals live inside it. From a research, the turtles mostly die because of the plastics that they consume because turtles were mistaken plastics as jellyfish. Besides that, another effect to the animals is the entanglement of plastics to the body of turtles, dolphin and etc. that could affect the animal’s growth. There are several of ways that human can contribute to ensuring a smart usage of plastic to avoid plastic pollution. The easier ways to contribute is by shop friendly when shopping at the market to buy the needs for home, by having oneself shopping bag the usage of plastics can be reduced. Secondly, is to bring your own food container and drink bottle to reduce the usage of plastics from the packaging of your food and plastic bottle that cannot be reusable. Nonetheless, recycling is one of the vital ways that can help in reducing the usage of plastics because by recycling the plastics can be disposed of appropriately.

Phantom Limbs: Sensations When There Should be None Essay -- Biology E

Phantom Limbs: Sensations When There Should be None The phenomenon known as the phantom limb occurs in 95-100% of amputees. It can occur soon after amputation or occur years later. It is when patients feel sensations where the arm or leg used to be as if it were still there. These sensations can be either non-painful sensations or painful sensations, which are called phantom limb pain. These non-painful sensations are described as similar feels as if the limb were there such as warmth, tingling, itching, and movement. Phantom limb pain is described as stabbing, cramping, burning and shooting pain. Non-painful sensations usually occur soon after amputation and continue throughout life. It has been found that the strongest sites for phantom limbs are the thumb and index finger. Sometimes the knees or elbow are felt but rarely are the forearm, lower leg, upper thigh, and upper arm felt. (1). It has been found that it is not necessary to have had an amputation to experience the phantom limb phenomenon. It has been reported that after avulsion of the brachial plexus of the arm, even though no injury to the arm itself occurred, that there is extreme pain felt in the arm. For surgery, patients that receive an anesthetic block of the brachial plexus experience phantom arm. It also occurs in the legs when there is an anesthetic block of the lower body, and when there is a block of the spinal cord at the thoracic level, patients have experience phantom body. (2). Not only can one experience phantom limb due to an anesthetic block, but it has been reported that people born without limbs also experience it as well. Ronald Melzack, psychologist from McGill University in Montreal found that children born without arms or legs experi... ...uses these fibers to be excited which activates the primary afferent fibers which then discharges. These discharges ultimately cause the phantom sensations. Non-cortical theory believes that spontaneous activity at the edge of the amputation causes phantom limbs. (1). There is still a debate going on as to why phantom limbs occur. Only through further study of the nervous system can we hope to fully understand and hopefully one day stop its occurrence. Until then, we can only try to find ways to ease the pain of amputees, paraplegics and people who were born without limbs. References 1) http://hcs.harvard.edu/~husn/BRAIN/vol6/p21-25-PhantomLimbs.pdf 2) http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/melzack 3) http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1511/n2_v19/20159526/p1/article.jhtml 4) http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/slup/CuttingEdge/Jun00/phantom.html

coping with death :: essays research papers

Coping with Death People cope with the loss of a loved one in many ways. For some, the experience may lead to personal growth, even though it is a difficult and trying time. There is no right way of coping with death. The way a person grieves depends on the personality of that person and the relationship with the person who has died. How a person copes with grief is affected by the person's cultural and religious background, coping skills, mental history, support systems, and the person's social and financial status. The definition of coping is described in the text as the â€Å"constantly changing (dynamic) cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage internal and/or external demands exceeding the resources of the person. This emphasizes that coping behaviors go beyond routine, adaptive behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1990, my aunt Ann started experiencing heart-problems. My family was very close to Ann because she lived only a block away. Aunt Ann would walk over to our house everyday for a visit. During this particular summer, Ann noticed that she was becoming increasingly out of breath from just the short walk. The entire family strongly urged that she see a doctor as soon as possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After her doctor’s visit that she reluctantly went to, she announced to the family that she was suffering from a damaged heart valve. We were all terrified about what would happen to her, but she assured us that the doctor said it could be fixed with a minimal risk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When she went into surgery in St. John’s Medical Center in St. Louis, we were all there and confidant that everything would go as planned. The doctors came out about one hour into the surgery to inform us that the damage was much worse than they initially thought. They told us that they would keep us updated on her progress. Two hours later they came out to tell us that her heart stopped beating and they tried everything they could to revive her, but she had died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the next couple of days our family went through some of the coping stages. We experienced anger because we did not know the severity of the damage, we were depressed and then we had to come to accept God’s will. Ann was a devout Christian and we found comfort of knowing where she was going to.

Explanation and Context Review Communication

University of Phoenix Material Communication Theories and Context Review Communication can be understood by examining the context in which communication takes place and by reviewing some of the theories that govern how communication works within each context. Part A – Communication Contexts Directions: Define each communication context. A. Intrapersonal: Face-to-face communication between people B. Interpersonal: Communication with oneself C. Group: Communication with a group of people D. Organizational: Communication within and among large, extended environments E. Public: Communication to a large group of listeners F.Mass: Communication to a very large audience through mediated forms G. Intercultural: Communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds Part B – Communication Contexts and Their Related Theories Directions: Place the appropriate letter of each context above next to its related theory. Then write a brief explanation of each theory. Theories 1. _A__ Cognitive Dissonance – Explains the tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions, such as beliefs and opinions. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. 2. _G___ Face-Negotiation Theory – Explains how different cultures manage conflict and communication. The theory explains that the root of conflict is based on identity management on individual and cultural levels. 3. __B__ Groupthink – Explains how individuals may withhold their opposing opinions to promote cohesiveness. Individuals may also withhold their opposing opinions because they fear rejection by the group. 4. _B__ Communication Privacy Management – Explains the process that people use to manage the relationship between concealing and rev ealing private information 5. __D__ Organizational Information Theory – Explains how organizations make sense of the information that is essential for their existence 6. __F__ Spiral of Silence – Explains why people tend to remain silent when they think their views are in the minority 7. __E__ Rhetoric/Dramatism/Narrative Paradigm – Explains that people are essentially storytellers who make decisions on the basis of good reasons. History, biography, culture, and character determine what we consider good reasons.

Conceptual Study On Ethnic Marketing Marketing Essay Essays

Conceptual Study On Ethnic Marketing Marketing Essay Essays Conceptual Study On Ethnic Marketing Marketing Essay Essay Conceptual Study On Ethnic Marketing Marketing Essay Essay With mounting western influence and focal point on resurgence of traditional Indian manner elements, diverseness in India sees many faces. To keep the self-respect of the civilization and to supply a platform to little Indian trade names, future group initiated ethnocentrism construct by opening ethnicity shop in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This enterprise has provided new format penetrations to organized retail merchants to spread out their skylines in extremely volatile Indian consumer oriented market. A new format has ever been a challenge to any retail merchant to prolong into the market. In the altering face of market, to recover penchant of consumers towards nationalized trade names, can be looked from a facing angle. This created an anxiousness in the head of research workers and inspired them to undergo the research to understand the ethnicity construct. Ethnicity format is studied based on the first ethnicity shop set up in the metropolis of Ahmedabad, Gujarat and glances are taken from the 2nd and 3rd shop set up in Mumbai and Pune. Research is secondary in nature. This paper gives penetrations into the overall set up of ethnicity format that includes distinguishing criterias of ethnicity in comparing to regular retail formats. Paper gives penetrations into artistic set up of ethnicity shop alongwith in-depth reappraisal of ware. Further, consumers sentiment on ethnicity shop has besides been covered and their discriminatory class for purchase has been derived It has been found that consumers have given a really good response to the new construct. Alongwith shopping, experiences of consumers with the format hold given a permanent impact on their mentality. Further Raja market, Rani market, Thoda aur market are found attractive to consumers and have gained good penchant of consumers followed by Sona-chandi market Chota India and Ghar aangan market. The penetrations into construct development and suggested potency extended formats of ethnicity may readily work as a pillar to stand into the market for new retail merchants. Cardinal words: Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism, Organized Retail, Nationalized trade names, Merchandise 1.1Introduction: Indian manner industry is traveling towards Westernization due to high degree of credence of foreign trade names by the consumers. Due to this altering face, western trade names are acquiring a wider platform than the cultural trade names across the state. As a consequence, national/ethnic merchandises are even overlooked by consumers and clip may come that such merchandises may vanish from the market. To protect the Indian heritage, Future group took up inaugural enterprise to supply a infinite to Indian merchandises and trade names under its ain name and celebrity Future Group, India s taking concern house with strong presence in retail sector, launched a new retail format, household life style shop Ethnicity, in Ahmadabad to market cultural trade names and merchandises of India in 2008. This concatenation is a major household format developed after the launch of extremely successful household formats like Pantaloons, Big Bazaar, and Home Town. The new shop format that has been billed as everything Indian, seeksA to advance cultural trade names, runing from cultural and merger wear, Jewellery, handcraft, place decor, beauty merchandises to accoutrements and gifts. Ethnicity therefore, A showcasesA a big figure of little Indian trade names under one roof. Ethnicity besides advancing the civilization of cultural merchandises, supply a modern platform to augment the presence of the retail merchants into the industry. 1.2Research aims: To understand the construct of ethnicity as a new retail format To understand distinguishing factors of ethnicity shop in comparing to the modern retail shops. To understand the consumers penchant towards the new format 1.3Scope of the survey: The survey has explored the construct of ethnicity. In includes apprehension of the subject and construct development, ware development and distinction standards of format in comparing to bing formats. Further to understand credence of the new format, consumers preference towards the offerings has besides been analyzed 1.4 Data Collection Beginnings: Secondary informations beginnings have been used to understand the construct the ethnicity. Information has been taken from cusp provided by ethnicity shop of Ahmedabad, and Company website to acquire penetrations into ethnicity shop of Pune and Mumbai. Articles kept on the web sites are besides used at the launch of ethnicity. Primary information has been collected through questionnaire to cognize consumers cite towards the new format. Respondents were the consumers of Ahmedabad who visited ethnicity shop. Sample of 100 respondents was administered out of which 94 responses are analysed as valid samples for the survey. 1.5 Introduction: Ethnicity Cultural beginning has been defined as a group of people who portion a common descent, a sense of corporate individuality and normally a shared cultural heritage and tradition ( Crysdale and Bettie, 1973 ) . Ethnicity implies common imposts, values, and attitudes within a group of people who are bound by a common cultural designation. Because values reflect a criterion or standard that people use in the counsel of behaviour, they act as a norm for cultural consumer behaviour and an influence on many ingestion motivations. Cultural selling Cultural selling is an of import facet of lifestyle selling, a scheme that tailors a company s merchandises and services towards the client s life styles. * Positions showing rationale towards cultural selling Mr. Arvind Singhal, president of direction consulting and retail specializer house Technopak Advisors ( 2010-11 ) said, Overall dress class spends are lifting, with particular focal point on cultural wear trade names, where many new trade names have emerged as market heroes. They sensed the vacuity in the market, easiness of entry, and attracted adult females the most interesting mark consumer, which places the Indian cultural wear market at Rs. 56,800 crore, turning at 9 % yearly .A Mr. Gaurav Mahajan, CEO, Westside, a Tata group company said, Indian cultural wear is an built-in portion of our client promise. We widened the Westside scope and introduced Zuba, which offers silks and reliable handlooms. This fall will see the launch of two more trade names, Mr. Rakesh Biyani, joint pull offing manager, Future Group said, There is a important rise in demand for adult females s cultural vesture. There is a large spread between the chance and what is being delivered today by organized participants, This spread designation generated a lead to cover the untapped cultural market and future group took up the initiave to set up ethnicity shop as a revolution in the bing apprel format 1.4 Concept development of Ethnicity Store by future Group Shop design Future Group has launched the first of a concatenation of shops aimed at retailing Indian wear in 2008 in Ahmedabad metropolis. It is the branded Ethnicitystore that keeps the a scope of cultural and merger wear, jewellery, handcrafts, place decor, beauty merchandises and accoutrements and gifts. All the merchandises are India inspired.The shop is holding a spread over an country of 25,000 to 30,000 sq. foot. Store nonsubjective The dress labeled as traditional and indoor vesture a decennary ago, has laid the foundation for today s modern-day Indian cultural chic.Ethnicity proudly follows the Indian values of being sensitive to Ahmedabad metropolis, environment and community. It provides a platform to convey together traditional or cultural retail merchants to the consumers. It recreates the know-how of a traditional cultural market in a modern retail format and is an collector of the multi-faceted cultural ware and traditional merchandising patterns. It revives and rejuvenates anything and everything that is Indian. It aims to truly unfastened out the urban cultural market and redefine the graduated table of cultural selling. ** Ethnic-Theme placement at the shop The construct Ethnicity is non limited to cultural vesture but it is an experience. The cardinal discriminator for Ethnicity lies in its 360-degree shopping experience. Ethnicity s shop design reflects a clearly cultural character ocular selling tools include artefacts, pictures and decor pieces from Rajasthan, Orissa, Gujarat and the similar. Ocular selling is like the outline of a narrative book . Ethnicity has gone the desi manner to go attractive and communicative. It is critical to non merely be a differentiated retail merchant but besides to pull out the true kernel of the merchandises. Branding in ethnicwear has been led by part of beginning of the merchandise like Benaresi saris, Lucknowi kurta, Kutch Bandhini. The shop is colorfully designed and the garishness gives it an atmosphere of luxury and celebration. *** Atmospheric at shop Atmospheric at ethnicity shop is a contemplation of Indian heritage. Alternatively of halogen visible radiations, everyplace visible radiation is reflected by lanterns. Alternatively of room freshener or aromas, a natural fragrant of indispensable oil from flowers known as ittar is used to magnetize the entrant and convey them to the Indian civilization. All the racks for show of ware are developed from wooden and outside ornament is of handcraft, which gives a contemplation of Indian art. Alternatively of holding all the racks or shelves for show, few of the ware is displayed on fingerstall. Shop helpers are dressed in cultural kurtas For refreshments, Coconut H2O is served in a lorry which gives a spirit of typical Indian civilization, on the route helping. Use of multi colourss, art and fancy designs, air aroma and traditional lightings give all clip festival feeling experience. Merchandise at ethnicity shop All the offerings are divided into a niche name of market. Chosen name for the market is based on arterial linguistic communication of India. With the subject of ethnocentrism, the aggregation represents merely Indian trade names in all the ware. Analysis of ware: The shop has six subdivisions. Generic class name Cultural name at ethnicity shop Women s wear class Rani market-everything ethnic for adult females Work forces wear class Raja market-everything ethnic for work forces Kid s wear class Chota India market Jewellery/ accoutrements Sona -chandi market- cultural Jewelry Home accoutrements Ghar -aangan- cultural thoughts for your place Stationary/medical points Thoda aur- cultural accoutrements and more Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/organising-ethnic-retail.asp Analysis of Merchandise into the market and few of the Indian trade names RANI MARKET Everything cultural for adult females Merchandises Saris Bridal wear Salwar kamiz Interior designer wear Fusion wear Party wear Dupattas Mojaris A ; Chappals Embroidered bags Mix n fit Dress stuff E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Span Ritu kumar Hara Prafful Description of RANI Market Huge aggregation comprises extravagantly embellished salwarkameez, Anarkali kurtas, to a great extent decked traditional saris and blouses studded with rocks Sequined fabric bags, embroidered cultural potlis in assorted colourss and manners, brilliantly colored jholas and nomadic phone pouches becomes attractive complementary merchandises purchase Specially designed embroidered jootis fiting with salwar kamiz are available Particular class of mix n lucifer provides a immense scope of kurtas, interior decorator shalwars and interior decorator dupattas. It gives an chance to choose each one individually and develop a shalwar, kamiz, dupatta set on your ain RAJA MARKET everything ethnic for work forces Merchandise/Products Sherwani Churidar sets Pathani sets Jodhpuri Party suits Party shirts Casual kurtas Accessories Mojaris A ; chappals E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Manish Watercolor Manyavar Description of RAJA Market Raja market is interestingly designed with wooden pillars Raja market starts with rows of Kutch and Jaipuri kurtas for work forces. Designer kurtas are available in pastel colourss with a touch of glister. They have a fabulous aggregation of expansive looking sherwanis with intricate detailing Ceremonial suits, shirts and bloomerss for work forces are besides included in the aggregation The Mojaris and Chappals have a scope of beaded, sequined and embroidered jootis, chappals and kolhapuris designed in a assortment of colourss to travel with your traditional outfit CHOTA INDIA-everything ethnic for childs Merchandises Cultural wear Party wear Accessories E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Mycraft Exclusive Description of CHOTA INDIA Market Designer wears for childs holds attending of purchasers Use of bright colourss with manus work is a particular aggregation for childs alternatively of the usage of sketchs characters SONA CHANDI cultural Jewelry Merchandises Costume Jewellery Manner Jewelry Semi cherished jewellary E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Standard Merely cool Description of SONA CHANDI Market There is an impressive aggregation of earrings, rings and necklaces in traditional every bit good as modern-day designs These are available in gold, diamond and Ag. kundan sets are available that reflects tradition of India Sharing infinite with these are glass, metal and rock studded bracelets. Stuning stone studded rings and bobbysocks complete the scope. A little aggregation of debris jewellery and interior decorator bindis are included. A GHAR AANGAN cultural thoughts for your place Bed and linen Home decor Gift points Playthings Pooja ka saaman, Shaadi ka saaman Handicraft, Ceramicss E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Hansiba Bandhan Description of GHAR AANGAN Market Puja Ka samaan where puja thalis, different statuettes of assorted divinities, incense sticks, earthen lamps and cotton wicks are available. It has a alone aggregation of wall hangings, name home bases and redstem storksbills made of wood. Designer and decorated home base for nuptials is available known as shaadi qi thali with the usage of specific stuff used during nuptials rites Handicraft points for place decor like fancy toran, show pieces are available THODA AUR cultural accoutrements and more Merchandises Books and cadmiums Stationary Aromas Maroma-Aromatherapy, Ayurveda A ; natural merchandises Candles A ; incense E.g.Few Indian Brands kept in ethnicity shop Maroma Khadi Description of GHAR AANGAN Market Amazing paper bags, booklets, notebooks and notepads wrapped in silk fabric are displayed Photograph albums are made available in Ag and aureate colored fabric The Wellness subdivision has assorted sorts of ayurvedic beauty merchandises Hanging lamp is another subdivision inside which all kinds of lamps, Antique oil and glass lamps are available in really beautiful colourss and designed in a posh manner. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/organising-ethnic-retail.asp hypertext transfer protocol: //ahmedabad.metromela.com/Lamps+and+ethnic+wear+at+Ethnicity/article/3183 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pantaloonretail.in/pdf/ethnicity_karigari.pdf Leaflet circulated at ethnicity shop Competitive analysis of organized regular retail format and ethnicity format Parameter Organized retail mercantile establishment Ethnicity shop Subject A move towards western civilization A move towards Indian bequest Aim To give exposure to western civilization kineticss To give platform to Indian trade names and entreaty to ethnocentrism Size of the mercantile establishment Large Relatively little Structure Vertical departmentation Horizontal departmentation Handiness of trade names Global trade names Merely Indian trade names Atmospheric Exclusive halogen visible radiations lantern /yellow visible radiations Decoration No extra ornament Fully decorated with colourss, lamps, handcraft, marionettes etc. -looks like all clip festival Music Western vocals Indian instrumental Aroma Room fresheners Raw fragrant of indispensable oil from flowers known as ittar Shelfs Racks Alongwith racks Traditional small town themed fingerstalls with four legs Merchandise division Merchandises are separate Apparel gets displayed in one subdivision, accessories other subdivision, footwear another subdivision and so on Gender wise merchandise bundling Raja market includes dress, accoutrements, footwear turn toing male consumers Merchandise name English names Traditional Indian names Store helper s dressing Western formal wear Traditional Indian kurta Boxing Plastic printed bags Paper bags with traditional expression Merchandise Western outfits and indowestern designs in Indian outfits Indian traditional outfits with embellishment work Places Mojaris and chappals Indo-western picture Handicraft Cosmetic merchandises Natural ayurvedic merchandises and aromatherapy Aromas Incense stick, ittar, natural aromas Light pendant Candles and Lantern Artificial jewelry Stone work, Kundan jewelry Refreshments Food tribunal with multi culinary art Small push cart/lorry with coconut H2O Deliverable Shoping Experience Pictorial position of ethnicity shop Ethnicity shop image creative activity Picture 029 Beginning: Cusp provided at ethnicity Entry gate of ethnicity shop Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/glimpse/ethnicity/1.jpg Example of Divisions Rani market Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/organising-ethnic-retail.asp Interior and show at ethnicity shop hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/RetailConcept_details.aspx? Id=58 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.indiaretailing.com/glimpse/ethnicity/7.jpg 1.6.1Consumers penchant towards the market based ware at ethnicity shop with average rank ( where 1 is least and 5 is maximal ) Consumers penchant towards the cultural subject markets is analyzed to cognize the preferable market. This analysis is aimed at developing the market to increase the penchant A 0 1 2 3 4 5 Raja Market A A A A 4.255A Rani Market A A A 4.0255A A Chota India A A 2.8055A A A Sona Chandi A A A 3.2055A A Ghar Aangan A 2.052055A A A A Thoda aur 4.15.00 Consumers are extremely satisfied with Raja Market offerings followed by Rani market and thoda aur market. New debuts in thoda aur market like lamps, taper and aromas, ayurvedic merchandises etc have grabbed attending of people which gives a lead to present more alone and Indian traditional points. Sona Chandi market has got a good response. Thus it can be interpreted that manner accoutrements in cultural expression is maintaining melody with the cultural garments. As per consumers sentiment, Chota India is yet to derive penchant may be because of traditional designs that are non preferred more for childs in comparing to western attractive outfits with sketch characters Again as per consumers sentiment, Ghar aangan is besides yet to derive penchant may be because of bed sheets, utensils, playthings, purchase for rites like puja Ka saaman etc. have an already established market. 1.6.2 Conusmers penchant towards cultural merchandises for three most preferable Markets Preference has been anaysed towards offerings for Females as Rani Market Fusion wear and Mix A ; Match are able to pull consumers as a new and alone base of cultural merchandises. As Saari, salwaar kamiz have become a common purchase and many plaforms are available to turn to the demand, penchant is found at the moderate degree Preference has been anaysed towards offerings for Females as Rani Market In work forces s wear traditional wear in the signifier of Jodhpuri, Chudidar and kurtas alongwith traditional mojaris have attracted consumers to larger extent Preference has been analyzed towards offerings for Thoda Aur Market Full scope of Aromas and Candles A ; Incense have been introduced by ethnicity shop. It has got excess ordinary penchant of consumers. Thus it has contributed towards care of Indian bequest 1.6.2 Consumers penchant towards Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the usage of aromatic works oils, including indispensable oils, for psychological and physical well-being. Aromatherapists blend curative indispensable oils particularly for each person and suggest methods of usage such as topical application, massage, inspiration or H2O submergence to excite the coveted responses. Aroma therapy oils may include Peppermint Digestive upsets Rosemary Muscular strivings, mental stimulation Sandalwood Depression, anxiousness and nervous tenseness Sweet orange Depression and anxiousness Tea tree Respiratory jobs, antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral Lavender Headaches, insomnia, Burnss, achings and hurting Ethnicity shop has provided the platform for Aromatherapy. Full scope of indispensable oils has been displayed to bring forth the consciousness and penchant towards the same. It is aimed at bring forthing consciousness towards ayurvedic medical specialty in the sphere of allopath for better and unafraid intervention. Ethnicity has taken maiden inaugural to derive the penchant of consumers. It can be interpreted from the above graph that first manus response has been satisfactory with 49 % for Aromatherapy and therefore it enjoys the possible to increase the penchant in future. The atmospheric of traditional merchandises is back uping the purchase of traditional manner of wellness addendums. The advice and account given alongwith the merchandise has played of import function in doing realisation to travel for natural merchandises 1.6.3Analysis of consumers satisfaction towards ethnicity shop: Consumers understanding of the format have been done based on their psychological distinction from the traditional format and a degree of satisfaction towards the offerings. Such analysis is aimed at placing the most appealing distinction for future placement of the shop and developing the schemes that may take to future satisfaction Competitive appraisal matrix with average rank ( Where 1 is least and 5 is maximal ) Regular organized retail formats and ethnicity shop A 0 1 2 3 4 5 Subject A A A A 4.05 4.95A Monetary value A 2.30A 2.60A A A Assortment A A 3.25.00A 4.00A A Display A A A 3.94.00A 4.35.00A Experience A A A 4.0094.00A 5.0094.00A Keies: Regular organized retail mercantile establishments Ethnicity shop Competitive appraisal matrix depicts that ethnicity subject is extremely appealing to the people. The distinction point of giving experience to the consumers than merely to supply a platform for shopping is acquiring right placement in the head set of consumers as it is applauded by consumers with the average rank of 4.95. Unique show of ethnicity is extremely appreciated by consumers in comparing to regular organized retail formats On the dimension of assortment ethnicity is dawdling behind in comparing, the lending ground may be limited figure of Indian trade names into each class Equally far as pricing is concerned none of the mercantile establishments satisfied the consumers outlook. It brings out the fact that monetary value construction is excessively high. Here chance lies with ethnicity shop to know apart pricing scheme to acquire competitory border over other formats. It might be executable to redevelop the pricing scheme due to nationalized trade names 1.10 Major findings: Ethnicity is so a radical move towards consumers ethnocentrism. National participants have besides joined custodies with the large retail merchant and accepted the chance to turn to the mass market. Thus has contributed to a great extent in supplying a wider platform to little retail merchant of India. Further is has contributed towards bring forthing consciousness of cultural merchandises and trade names of allover India which were non noticed and importance was non realized by consumers It is an perfectly alone theoretical account into organized retail formats. Everything get downing from statics to aggregation of trade names, ware show and packaging is unambiguously positioned with the nationalized subject. It provides a feel-good factor and thrilling experience to the consumers. Consumers are acquiring attracted by the subject and acquiring exposed and penetrated by cultural merchandises. Today consumers look for stylish apparels. National trade names which were non recognized before, have provided a platform of manner to research Fusion wear, Mix A ; Match, Jodhpuri, Kurtas, Chudidars, Mojaris and aromas, tapers and incense are able to acquire penchant of people Aroma therapy is able to acquire good welcome signifier the consumers Cultural designs are acquiring credence in the signifier of freshness Cultural work forces s wear, adult females s wear, natural beauty merchandises, handcrafts are the classs of the merchandises good accepted by the consumers. In all this advanced construct good applauded by consumers as they are acquiring exposed to all the assortment and designs of merchandises of all the corners of India under one roof 1.11 Suggestions: More Indian retail merchants should be motivated to supply immense aggregation of cultural merchandises Potential revolutions into bing format of ethnicity for India Formats can be expanded by presenting fortes of major states/cities of India Rajasthan market Art A ; trade Jamnagar market-Bandhani Bengaluru -Silk garments Chennai- Pearl jewelry Kerala market-Spices Formats can be expanded by presenting forte nutrient of major states/cities of India it may assist to give a back displacement to the consumer tendency which is traveling towards western nutrient Gujarati nutrient Punjabi nutrient South Indian nutrient Rajasthani nutrient North Indian nutrient Kathiyawadi nutrient Potential revolutions into bing format of ethnicity for other states It has been witnessed that states are acquiring specialized into technological inventions but spread of such inventions into the same continent reflects questionable behaviour of consumers. Many a times it is because of deficiency of consciousness. Such type of format may supply a common platform to research the little advanced merchandises at consumer terminal E.g. European states Manner Ethnicity European states As manner industry is one of the major turning industries in Europe- All manner statements can be displayed under one platform Fashion statement of Italy Fashion statement of France Fashion statement of United land Technology ethnicity Technical Research A ; invention driven states All inventions can be displayed under one platform Large to little advanced merchandises of Finland Large to little advanced merchandises of Germany IT A ; Renewable engineering based merchandises from Sweden Electric engineering inventions of Netherland E.g. Asiatic Countries Technology ethnicity Robotic engineering based advanced little to large merchandises from South koria A ; Japan There is a demand to increase the scope of aroma therapy offerings to increase the consciousness and ingestion. Aromas, tapers and incense offerings have brought Indian values in the penchants. This has showcased a really good concern potency as a whole. There is a demand to supply more and more offerings into the section with more and more assortments

Affirmative Action in the United States essays

Affirmative Action in the United States essays The writer Mary Anne Warren is focusing on describing the current practices in many organizations today in regards to the implementing a goal vs. a quota system for the purposes of affirmative action. She defines a quota as "Those who use the term "quotas" pejoratively tend to assume that the numerical standards will be set so high or enforced so rigidly that strong reverse discrimination-that is, the deliberate hiring of demonstrably less well qualified candidates-will be necessary to implement them." (Warren, 370). Warren then describes goal as "The term "goal", on the other hand, suggests that this will not be the case, and that good faith efforts to comply with the standards by means short of strong reverse discrimination will be acceptable." (Warren, 370). The critical thing that must be understood when exploring the subject is that the writer is describing how affirmative action is being applied in American organizations today in other words the current reality. However, she fails to speak to us about how the law designs this program to function. This is the critical component that American organizations must be educated to understand. Affirmative action as defined by law is most definitively not based on a quota system. In fact, what is not widely known is that this program can be equally used by all individuals provided that an inequality exists in the group that they belong to as not being reflected in the work force. So what is affirmative action? What is it designed to do? It is not designed to provide an opportunity to an unqualified candidate. It is designed as "a way of compensating individuals or groups for past injustices or for present disadvantages stemming form past injustices" (Warren, 373). It is further designed "as a means about bringing about further future goods-for example, raising the status of downtrodden groups." (Warren, 373). The keyword in these quotes is the word "group". ...

Culture Jamming - Definition and Examples

Culture Jamming s Culture jamming is the practice of disrupting the mundane nature of everyday life and the status quo with surprising, often comical or satirical acts or artworks. The practice was popularized by the anti-consumerist organization Adbusters, which often uses it to force those who encounter their work to question the presence and influence of advertising and consumerism in our lives. In particular, culture jamming often asks us to reflect on the pace and volume at which we consume and the unquestioned role that the consumption of goods plays in our lives, despite the many human and environmental costs of global mass production. Key Takeaways: Culture Jamming Culture jamming refers to the creation of images or practices that force viewers to question the status quo.Culture jamming disrupts social norms and is often used as a tool for social change. Activists have used culture jamming to raise awareness of issues including sweatshop labor, sexual assault on college campuses, and police brutality. The Critical Theory Behind Culture Jamming Culture jamming often involves the use of a meme that revises or plays off of a commonly recognized symbol of a corporate brand (such as Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Nike, and Apple, to name just a few). The meme is typically designed to call into question the brand image and values attached to the corporate logo, to question the consumer relationship to the brand, and to illuminate harmful actions on the part of the corporation. For example, when Apple launched the iPhone 6 in 2014, the Hong Kong-based Students and Scholars Against Corporate Misbehavior (SACOM) staged a protest at a Hong Kong Apple Store where they unfurled a large banner that featured the image of the new device sandwiched between the words, iSlave. Harsher than harsher. Still made in sweatshops. The practice of culture jamming is inspired by the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, which focused on the power of mass media and advertising to shape and direct our norms, values, expectations, and behavior  through unconscious and subconscious tactics. By subverting the image and values attached to a corporate brand, the memes deployed in culture jamming aim to produce feelings of shock, shame, fear, and ultimately anger in the viewer, because it is these emotions that lead to social change and political action. Sometimes, culture jamming uses a meme or a public performance to critique the norms and practices of social institutions or to question political assumptions that lead to inequality or injustice. The artist Banksy is a notable example of this type of culture jamming. Here, well examine some recent cases that do the same. Emma Sulkowicz and Rape Culture Emma Sulkowicz launched her performance piece and senior thesis project Mattress Performance: Carry That Weight at Columbia University in New York City  in September  2014, as a way to draw critical attention to the universitys mishandling of disciplinary proceedings for her alleged rapist, and its mishandling of sexual assault cases in general. Speaking about her performance and her experience of rape, Emma told the Columbia Spectator that the piece is designed to take her private experience of rape and shame in the aftermath of her attack into the public sphere and  to physically evoke the psychological weight she has carried since the alleged attack.  Emma vowed to carry the weight in public until her alleged rapist was expelled or left campus. This never happened, so Emma and supporters of the cause carried her mattress throughout her graduation ceremony. Emmas daily performance not only brought  her alleged assault  into the public sphere, it also jammed the notion  that sexual assault and its consequences are private matters, and illuminated the reality that they are often  hidden from view by the shame and fear that survivors experience. Refusing to suffer in silence and in private, Emma made  her fellow students, faculty, administrators, and staff at Columbia face the reality of sexual assault on college campuses by making the matter visible with her performance. In sociological terms, Emmas performance served to vanish the taboo on acknowledging and discussing the widespread problem of sexual violence by disrupting the social norms of daily campus behavior. She brought rape culture into sharp focus on Columbias campus, and in society in general. Emma received a heap of media coverage for her culture jamming performance piece, and fellow students and alumni of Columbia joined her in carrying the weight on a daily basis. Of the social and political power of her work and the widespread media attention it received, Ben Davis of ArtNet, the leader in global news about the art world, wrote, I can hardly think of an artwork in recent memory that justifies the belief that art can still help  lead a conversation  in quite the way  Mattress Performance  already has. Black Lives Matter and Justice for Michael Brown At the same time that Emma was carrying that weight around Columbias campus, halfway across the country in St. Louis, Missouri, protesters creatively demanded  justice for 18-year-old Michael Brown, an unarmed Black man  who was killed by a Ferguson, MO police officer Darren Wilson on August 9, 2014. Wilson had at that point yet to be charged with a crime, and since the killing occurred, Ferguson, a predominantly Black city  with a predominantly white police force and a history of police harassment and brutality,  had been raked by daily and nightly protests. Just as intermission concluded during a performance of  Requiem  by Johannes Brahms by the St. Louis Symphony on October 4, a racially diverse group of singers stood from their seats, one by one, singing the classic Civil Rights anthem, Which Side Are You On? In a beautiful and haunting performance, protesters addressed the predominantly white audience with the songs titular question, and implored, Justice for Mike Brown is justice for us all. In a recorded video of the event, some audience members look on disapprovingly while many clapped for the singers. Protesters dropped banners  from the balcony commemorating Michael Browns life  during the performance  and chanted Black lives matter! as they peacefully exited the symphony hall at the conclusion of the song. The surprising, creative, and beautiful nature of this culture jamming protest made it particularly effective. The protesters capitalized on the presence of a quiet and attentive audience to disrupt the norm of audience  silence and stillness  and instead made  the audience the site of a politically engaged performance. When social norms are disrupted in spaces in which they are usually strictly obeyed, we tend to quickly take notice and focus on the disruption, which makes this form of culture jamming successful. Further, this performance disrupts the privileged comfort that members of a symphony audience enjoy, given that they are primarily white and wealthy, or at least middle class. The performance was an effective way of reminding people who are not burdened by racism that the community in which they live is currently under assault by it in physical, institutional, and ideological ways  and that, as members of that community, they have a responsibility to fight those for ces. Both of these performances, by Emma Sulkowicz and the St. Louis protesters, are examples of culture jamming at its best. They surprise those who bear witness to them with their disruption of social norms, and in doing so, call those very norms, and the validity of the institutions that organize them  into question. Each offers a timely and deeply important  commentary on troubling social problems  and forces us to confront that which is more conveniently swept aside. This matters because viscerally confronting the social problems of our day is an important step in the direction of meaningful social change.

Mandatory external rotation of accountantsoffices Essay

Mandatory external rotation of accountantsoffices - Essay Example In the U.S., the Securities and Exchange Commission is responsible for spelling out audit requirements. The SEC is more focused on internal audit as compared to external mandatory rotation of audit firms. Financial accounting reporting and auditing have been the key areas affected by the European crisis. In an attempt to resolve the predicament, both Europe and the U.S. have tried to come up with rotation. Rotation has been viewed as a solution to mitigate the threats associated with financial independence generated by developed nations (Mihaela et al., 2010). At a time when the world is facing a crisis new audit policy has to be a crucial factor in avoiding losses. Auditors usually find themselves in a fix due to the fact of being familiar with the management and being intimidated by their clients, which adversely leads to long-term client-audit relationship. Over the recent years, the subject of long-term audit and client relationship has raised eyebrows within public and social re alms. Mandatory external rotation of accountants’ offices is believed to increase auditor independence and quality of audit and financial reporting (Velte & Stiglbauer, 2012). On the other hand, external auditing increases the cost of auditing in the first two years. This is because the risk of liability from auditors is significantly high in the first two years than within subsequent years. Due to the audit concentration of the four big companies, external mandatory rotation is almost not realized. The big four has a command on the number of companies they audit each year. In addition, the big four has vast experience in consultancy and have advisory services to attest to it. Therefore, this makes it hard for small and mid-sized accounting firms, which are looking forward to enter into a new market (Velte & Stiglbauer, 2012). In other cases, there have been arguments on the quality of auditing in

Historical Development of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical Development of Nursing - Essay Example After noticing that there was limited supply for medicine, overworked medical staff and poor hygiene resulting in fatalities among the soldiers, Nightingale appealed to the British government to find a solution to this problem. The British government commissioned the designing of a mobile hospital to be shipped to the battlefields. As a result, the Renkioi Hospital was built, leading to a low death rate remarkably. This was as a result of Florence Nightingale’s efforts. During this time, she was referred to as â€Å"the lady with the lamp,† a nick name she received from her night rounds in the hospitals making sure every sick person was cared for. The Nightingale fund was formed in 1855 to fund the training of nurses. Through this fund, she set up the Nightingale training school in July 1860. As a result, by 1882many nurses from this training School had become nurses at leading hospitals (Elizabeth & Jerome, 2011). After Nightingale, nursing saw a revolution. For the fi rst time, training for careers in nursing was advertised in 1860. Nightingale came up with the concept â€Å"the body’s reparative process.† In this concept, she emphasized that the recovery of a patient greatly depends on the hygiene conditions of his or her environment. In 1952, Hildegard Peplau came put forward the interpersonal relation theory of nursing. It is also referred to as psychodynamic nursing (Elizabeth & Jerome, 2011). The theory stipulates that nursing involves the interaction of two or more people with the same goal and is an art of healing. In 1955 Virginia Henderson came up with a notion that, for someone to recover properly he or she needed the 14 basic human (Elizabeth & Jerome, 2011). They include; drinking and... This essay approves that after noticing that there was limited supply for medicine, overworked medical staff and poor hygiene resulting in fatalities among the soldiers, Nightingale appealed to the British government to find a solution to this problem. The British government commissioned the designing of a mobile hospital to be shipped to the battlefields. As a result, the Renkioi Hospital was built, leading to a low death rate remarkably. This was as a result of Florence Nightingale’s efforts. During this time, she was referred to as â€Å"the lady with the lamp,† a nick name she received from her night rounds in the hospitals making sure every sick person was cared for. This report makes a conclusion that the theory stipulates that when someone cannot fulfill his or her developmental, social, psychological, and biological needs is when he or she requires nursing care. In the same year, Imogene King put forward a theory that stipulated that nursing involved positive communication to enable the client to adapt positively to the environment. In 1972, Betty Neuman came up with the Neuman system model for the recovery of patients through stress reduction (Elizabeth & Jerome, 2011). In 1979, Roy came up with a model that was based on psychological, social, and physiological dependence or independence. In 1979, Jean Watson came up with the theory of human caring. The theory defines outcomes of nursing in a humanistic aspect.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management - Essay Example These factors can be both a threat and opportunity for the company. It is a threat because they are beyond control of the company, that the acronym PEST becomes an appropriate term. It becomes an opportunity when the company takes advantage of the environment and it becomes a rearranged word as STEP towards strategies in entering the market. Any company wishing to enter new market should study the macro-environment factors surrounding the country. First consideration is the political analysis that consists of: political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, trade regulations and tariffs, favored trading partners, anti-trust laws, pricing regulations, taxations – tax rates and incentives, wage legislations, mandatory employee benefits, industry safety regulations and product labeling requirements. The political analysis done for Sainsbury showed following results: Trade restrictions. It will not be difficult for Sainsbury to establish commercial business relation s with Qatar because of its existing friendly relationship with U.K. It has an existing Free Trade Agreement that provides benefits to both contracting parties (Pratap, 2011). One of the Qatar’s policies that makes setting up of large industries possible here are the regional integration, trade liberalization and expansion of market volume, thus encouraging mass production and economies of scale. Tax policy. Benefits owing to tax incentives include the following: No income tax or social security deductions payable on wages and salaries. No taxation is payable on exports and customs duties start at 5% Foreign investors are permitted full repatriation of capital and profits overseas in foreign currency. Corporate tax on foreign companies is 10% Source: KMD Consulting Legal. According to SMD (2008), the Foreign Investment Law No. 13 of 2000 offers foreign ownership up to 100% foreign ownership in sectors of agriculture, manufacturing, health, education and tourism. In Feb. 1, 20 10, this law has been amended and now includes 100 percent ownership in businesses such as consultancy services, information technology (IT), services related to sports, culture and entertainment as well as distribution services. Minimum capitalization required for a Qatar company is 200,000 QR and contracts entered into by Sainsbury in Qatar are covered by the Qatari Civil Code. Sainsbury can be exempted from the Qatari Law that stipulates a total local equity of 51% in any commercial company because it falls into the category of distribution service engaged in the retail distribution network and this exemption is available upon request (SMD, 2008) Legal. Environment regulations. The current environmental issue that would most likely affect Sainsbury’s entrance to Qatar is its limited natural fresh water resources and its increasing dependence on large-scale desalination process. Political stability. The peace and quiet of a country is vital in determining investment. Qatar, according to Business Monitor International will most likely to remain politically stable as analysts see no threat to al-Thani’s family rule (Business Monitor, 2009) Next, we go to the economic factor. Included in this analysis are: the type of economic system in countries of operation, government intervention in the free market, comparative advantage of host country, infrastructure

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report - Essay Example Abstract: This report looks at the influence culture has had on the world of business. The report closely examines the methodology used to conduct business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the communication barrier that is caused to due to the difference in the two cultures and the main issues that arise when conducting business. The report discusses the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that need to be followed while conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country according to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword: With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having different backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. Organizations have to be pre pared when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims: The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that can be made to ensure success within the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction: Effective communication is important for an organization to function and perform day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations around the globe has brought new challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and languages causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an area of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and ethnic background. The main issue that arises in cross cultural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertisi ng and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third thing to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These five factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues: Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either one of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

Canon Digital Cameras Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Canon Digital Cameras - Essay Example The reason is that such companies have adopted effective strategies than relying on raw money power and propaganda. The lack of sensible strategy and the failure to use technology, combined with obsolete methods of marketing seems to be the bane of many companies who are not able to make a successful thrust in the market. Most ideas are either short sighted or serve only the immediate purposes of the company. Lack of professionalism is very evident in the management of many companies that has great potential. A very important aspect of business that still is a gray area for many business organizations is effective customer management. Canon's long 70-plus year history of expertise in the photographic industry positions us for such market leadership," said Yukiaki Hashimoto, senior vice president and general manager of the consumer imaging group at Canon U.S.A., Inc. "We are proud to be the camera of choice for consumers and professionals. We are the only camera company today that truly offers a full line of consumer and professional digital imaging solutions. By designing and manufacturing our own lenses, CMOS image sensors (found on the company's digital SLRs) and image processors, we can control both image quality and cost - ultimately providing consumers with the best digital imaging options.More than 60 years of experience and know-how,  Canon started out as a company with a handful of employees and a burning passion. That company soon became a world-renowned camera maker and is now a global multimedia corporation. However, the origins of our success remain unchanged: the passion of our early years and tech nological expertise amassed over more than 60 years.  

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report - Essay Example Abstract: This report looks at the influence culture has had on the world of business. The report closely examines the methodology used to conduct business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the communication barrier that is caused to due to the difference in the two cultures and the main issues that arise when conducting business. The report discusses the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that need to be followed while conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country according to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword: With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having different backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. Organizations have to be pre pared when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims: The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that can be made to ensure success within the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction: Effective communication is important for an organization to function and perform day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations around the globe has brought new challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and languages causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an area of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and ethnic background. The main issue that arises in cross cultural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertisi ng and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third thing to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These five factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues: Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either one of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

Assault and battery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assault and battery - Coursework Example It is clear that contact sports imply random injuries. The difference is that when injuries are the result of deliberate, unfair, unacceptable and excessive use of violence, it becomes assault and/or battery, depending on the result. This is the case of aggressive players. In order to establish the existence of assault, the next test is applied: 1. Intentional, unlawful threat to hurt somebody; 2. The threatened person felt a well motivated fear of imminent attack and 3. The possibility of realizing the threat is undoubtful. A similar test is applied in order to establish battery: 1. The existence of a violent act towards the plaintiff; 2. The defendant willingfully used the violence and 3. The causation: the violent act hurt the plaintiff. Therefore, I believe that the user of a deliberate elbow to the face or a knee to the groin in basketball, the deliberate use of spikes by a runner in baseball, eye gouging in football, or other violence that causes unnecessary injuries in sports can be held liable for assault and/or battery, the key words in all this being deliberate and unnecessary.

Review of Hamlet, performed in the lowry, salford quays Essay Example for Free

Review of Hamlet, performed in the lowry, salford quays Essay On Wednesday 3rd of November, the A-level drama groups from Queens Park High School went to see a version of Hamlet performed in the Salford Quays Lowry theatre. Directed by Japanese Yukio Ninagawa, he has added Japanese influences into the traditional Shakespearean tragedy. The design of the set used artistic impressionism: The barbed wire represented the conflict present within his mind. As well as this it was a useful medium to cordon certain areas of the stage. The light bulbs also representing conflict, which are regularly used in Shakespearean plays; in this case used (as with the barbed wire) to evince the conflict beginning in Hamlets mind. The light bulbs would alight and sway to signify a monologue, and were also a type of imagery demonstrating the mind- the light bulb is commonly used to mark an idea. The doors around the edge of stage were used to replicate the idea of an open space, and gave the stage an incredible sense of vastness. By using these doors and certain lighting, the director was able to indicate different times of day: during the scene with Hamlet and the ghost, the light gradually moved around all of the doors and successfully created the feeling of a rising sun. The costumes worn by some characters appeared unusual; the ghost king (although written to be Norwegian) wore a Samurai costume, and the entertainers wore costumes relating to the native kabuki or no theatre of Japan. Shakespeare would probably have used clowns or a similar type of act to demonstrate the murder of Hamlets father. The reason for this stems from the Japanese director, Ninagawa, who used his own culture to influence some aspects of the play. This was interesting when it came to the setting of the play, as it did not tie with the written adaptation which -as mentioned earlier- was supposed to be based in Norway, and there were no references to this. Other costumes were used well to represent different circles within the play- royalty and those associated were dressed in red: a royal colour. Ophelia and her family originally dressed in white, possibly symbolising purity and truth, until Polonius joins the King and Queen and also dresses in red. Horatio dresses in similar plain black clothing to Hamlet, but wore a blue scarf that could have been used to differentiate him from the royal family. The two scholars that appear at the Kings request both wear grey, high-class outfits and look very much like scholars. The final groups of people to explore are the Polish army, the leader of which wore a very modern leather coat- a mark of high status and power. The major costume changes that occur are when Gertrude asks to speak to Hamlet- at which point she wears a light blue, flowing gown, representing her purity and innocence, and the underwear worn by Ophelia, showing her in a dishevelled and unkempt state. The main sound effects occurred at the beginning of each act; rolling thunder, which accompanied the swaying lights. Music was used namely in the performance by the Kabuki theatre. During Ophelias madness, she vocalises some sonnets written by Shakespeare. Songs are also sung by the gravediggers, although they feature only for a short while and do not contribute much to the play as a whole. Overall, the design of the play was well thought out, and the director was able to use the space, lighting, sound and costume to create a well-devised and creative atmosphere. In comparison the setting and design of the play, the acting did not contribute in such an involving way. All characters were able to project their voices, which made the audience able to competently hear what the characters where saying. But emotion and expression were lacking in many of the characters e. g. one of the most well known lines of the play dear Jochum, I knew him well -spoken by Hamlet- was rushed and miscued. In a similar way, the characters of the King and Gertrude were greatly over-acted. The actors who demonstrated the best character development and realism were Polonius and Horatio. During the scene where Polonius forgets what he was going to say, many members of the audience believed that he had forgotten his lines, inducing laughter and amusement; exactly the reaction that Shakespeare intended. Horatio gave an excellent performance at the end of the play, producing real tears and a very convincing sadness at the death of his best friend Hamlet. The performances of both of these characters were consistent throughout the play. Due to the barbed wire on the stage, some of the movement seemed restricted, such as the sword fight between Hamlet and Laertes, where it appeared that they accidentally knocked the wire causing it to shake and distract the attention of the audience. The body language of each character was questionable: Gertrude and the King both had over-exaggerated arm movements, whereas Hamlet appeared not to over-use large movements such as pointing and flailing arms. Polonius had an interesting twitch in his right arm, which at first appeared to be nervousness of the actor, but on further investigation, was an intentional manoeuvre used to depict his slightly psychotic character. Ophelia created madness in her character after the death of her father by moving in a lyrical fashion, as though not really aware of her motion a successful tactic. Directors will use the versatility of the Hamlet script to create different relationships between characters, either successfully or unsuccessfully. Ninagawa made the following choices: The relationship between Polonius and Ophelia was interesting, because although at the beginning of the play Polonius chose to treat his daughter with disdain, Ophelia was quite obviously very disturbed and depressed about his death. This was perhaps conveying the true to life concept that one will love family no matter what the situation. Another relationship including Ophelia is the intimacy between herself and her brother without knowing the characters, the audience may have been fooled into thinking that Ophelia and Laertes are lovers, as they kiss. The kiss appears to have a romantic nature rather than the kiss the audience would expect within a family kiss. This could result in the audience being ambivalent about the relationship between Ophelia and Laertes. Ninagawa does not pursue the romantic relationship between Ophelia and Hamlet or Claudius and Gertrude, which the audience would expect to see some evidence of- at one point, the actor of Gertrude tried to embrace Claudius who pushed her away, and there was very little contact between Hamlet and Ophelia. Hamlet is an interesting character within himself, showing signs of contempt towards other characters, being indecisive and uncaring. It is within the monologues that the audience is exposed to the real Hamlet, which Ninagawa has chosen to portray as acting madness, as opposed to becoming crazed. The final relationship being considered is that of Hamlet and Gertrude. At the beginning of the play, the actors did not express sort of bond, and the first contact they appear to have is in Gertrudes closet, where she is moderately sexually harassed by Hamlet. This could have been executed in a much more perverse way, which fortunately the director did not choose to do. The acting in this version of Hamlet leaves a lot to be desired as lines were forgotten, words were misused and the some actors seemed lacking in direction. I feel that having heard the story of Hamlet after having seen the play, there was much that I misunderstood from watching and listening to the characters. Although true to the text, some of the words were spoken without expression and misinterpretation became easy attention lapsed. Having spoken to other audience members, certain key characters became easy to listen to despite the difficult context and even enjoy. The set and costume was admired for the provocative nature and was a success in almost all aspects. Overall, the play captured most moments that were significant either with the use of design or the skill of the able and talented actors.

A Trade Mark

A Trade Mark Introduction A trade mark is a way for one party to distinguish themselves from another. In business, a trade mark provides a product or organization with an identity which cannot be imitated by its competitors. According to section 1(1) of the 1994 Act, a trademark is ‘any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of another’. In Sigla SA v OHIM (Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market) the Court of First Instance (CFI) stated that a trade mark does also convey other messages concerning the qualities or particular characteristics of the goods or services which it covers, such as luxury, lifestyle, exclusivity, adventure, youth. A mark has then an inherent economic value which is independent of and separate from that of the goods and services for which it is registered. The CFI held that ‘these messages are conveyed, by trademarks with reputation and confer on it significant value which deserves protection because the reputation of a mark is the result of considerable effort and investment on the part of its proprietor’. However, how far the UK courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have recognised this â€Å"inherent economic value† of registered trade marks? Relative Grounds for Refusal Marks which conflict with earlier marks or signs may not be registered. The grounds for refusal of the registration of a trade mark are found in section 5 of the Trade Marks Act 1994 and Article 8 of the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CTMR): Identical marks on identical goods and services: section 5(1)/Article 8(1) (a); Identical marks on similar goods and services that there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public which includes the likelihood of association with the earlier mark: section 5(2) (a)/Article 8(1) (b); Similar marks on similar goods and services and there is a likelihood of confusion which includes the likelihood of association, between the marks: section 5(2) (b)/Article 8(1) (b); Identical or similar marks on goods or services which would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character of the earlier mark, without due cause: section 5(3)/Article 8(5). UK incorporated Articles 4(4) (a) of the EC Trademark Directive and 8(5) of the Community Regulation 40/94 into domestic law under section 5(3) of its Trade Marks Act 1994. According to section 6, Earlier Marks cover UK and Community Trade Marks with an earlier registration date and Community Trade Marks with seniority derived from an earlier UK mark. They can also be marks registered under the Madrid Protocol and â€Å"well known† trademarks protected under Article 6bis of the Paris Convention. Article 4(4)(a) of the EC Trademark Directive allows any Member State to provide that ‘a trade mark shall not be registered where, the trade mark is identical with, or similar to, an earlier national trade mark and is to be registered for goods or services which are not similar to those for which the earlier trade mark is registered, where the earlier trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned and where the use of the later trade mark without due cause would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark’. There are four main grounds for infringement, which are set out in section 10 of the Trade Mark Act 1994. They are the same grounds for refusal of registration, as contained in section 5. Any act of infringement is not required to of held any previous knowledge or intention to carry out the act. To infringe, a mark must be used ‘in the course of trade’. Any use which is liable to put at risk the guarantee of origin may be prevented, because this guarantee constitutes the essential function of the mark. Identical and Similar Marks under Section 10(1) If the marks are identical or similar, and the goods and services are identical or similar, confusion must be shown. A mark is considered similar if in the mind of the average consumer the likelihood of confusion for the goods/services is at issue. The marks must be compared as wholes because the average consumer generally recognizes marks as a whole. Section 10(1) prohibits the use of an identical mark to the registered mark upon goods or services for which the mark is registered. In Reed executive v Reed Business Information Ltd it was held that the marks were similar, not identical. The claimant alleged that the defendants had infringed its trade mark. The defendant had used ‘Reed’ as part of the composites ‘Reed Elsevier’ and ‘Reed Business information’. Jacob LJ did not think that ‘Reed Business information’ was identical to ‘Reed’ and he noted that the additional words would not ignored by the average consumer. The ECJ in SA Societe LTJ Diffusion v SA Sadas stated that the criterion ‘must be interpreted strictly. The definition of identity implies that the two elements should be the same in all aspects’. The level of identity between the marks must be high. In Origins Natural Resources Inc v Origin Clothing Ltd the marks ‘Origin’ and ‘Origins’, were held to be similar but not identical. Likelihood of Confusion Likelihood of confusion is arising from similarity with an earlier mark and goods and services for which that earlier mark is registered. If exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public, the trade mark will not be registered under section 5(2). Jacob J recommended in British Sugar plc v James Robertson Sons Ltd, that to apply section 5(2) is to ask first whether the marks are the same or similar and then whether the goods are the same or similar. Finally, ask whether the proviso applies and whether there is a likelihood of confusion, including a likelihood of association between the marks. If the answer to all three questions is positive, then there will be a conflict. In Sabel v Puma the ECJ held, that the likelihood of confusion must be appreciated globally, taking into account factors including the recognition of the trade mark on the market, the association which can be made between the registered mark, the sign and the degree of similarity between the mark, the goods and the services. The Court considered that there is a greater likelihood of confusion where the earlier trade mark has a highly distinctive character. It was noted in Ruiz-Picasso v OHIM, that attention would be particularly high as regards goods which are expensive, and highly technological in character. The ECJ said in Canon Kabushiki Kaisha v Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc that, if the association between the marks causes the public to believe that the respective goods come from the same or economically linked undertakings, there is a likelihood of confusion. In Marca Mode CV v Adidas AG it was held that ‘the reputation of a mark does not give grounds for presuming a likelihood of confusion simply because of a likelihood of association in the strict sense’. Protection for Marks with Reputation Article 8(5) of the Trade Mark Directive and Article 4(4) the Community Trade Mark Regulation offer protection for marks ‘with a reputation’, recognising that trade marks do more than simply signify origin. In Bristol Myers Squibb v. Paranova the â€Å"essential function† of the trade mark was held to be to guarantee origin to the consumer without any risk of confusion. Some marks because of their reputation have obtained a value not confined to the basic distinguishing function of a mark, so that they should be entitled to protection. The CFI give guidance in Sigla on the distinction between the notion of the likelihood of confusion and the risk of unfair advantage. The Court noted that a likelihood of confusion occurs where a consumer is attracted to a product or service covered by the applied for mark because of a misunderstanding that it comes from the same origin as that covered by an earlier mark which is identical or similar. However, the risk of unfair advantage might happen where the consumer is attracted to the mark itself, without confusing the origin of the good or service. The Court in Sigla held that: ‘Article 8(5), ensures that a mark with a reputation is protected with regard to any application for an identical or similar mark which might affect its image, even if the goods or services covered by the mark applied for are not similar to those for which the earlier mark with a reputation has been registered’. Being able to prove that the trade mark ‘has a reputation’ is a key to a trade mark owner’s ability to benefit. Dilution Section 5(3) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 offers the means for an earlier trade mark holder to prevent registration of a later trade mark which dilutes the distinctiveness and exclusivity of his trade mark. The dilution claim it appears as section 10(3) of the Act: A person infringes a registered trade mark if he uses in the course of trade a sign which is identical with or similar to the trade mark, and is used in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered. The trade mark must have a reputation in the UK, namely the use of the sign must be without due cause and must either take ‘unfair advantage of’ or be ‘detrimental to’ the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark. In Adidas-Salomon AG and Adidas Benelux BV v Fitnessworld Jacobs found that the concept of detriment encapsulates dilution, which is often referred to as ‘blurring’ and means that the mark is no longer capable of arousing an immediate association with the goods for which it is registered or used. This concept of detriment is sometimes referred to as ‘tarnishment,’ and means that the goods for which the infringing sign is used, appeals to the public’s senses which accordingly affects the mark’s power of attraction. Reputation The justification for the laws protecting trade marks focuses on the recognition and their quality. Kur stated that reputation could be claimed by ‘a trademark with a relatively low degree of renown, yet which possesses an attractive, strongly associative image’. The question of the reputation needed by a trade mark to qualify for protection was decided by the ECJ in General Motors Corporation v Yplon . It was stated in this case that the stronger the earlier mark’s distinctive character and reputation, the easier it will be to find that detriment has been caused to it. The ECJ held that the words has a reputation in Section 5(3) of the Trade Marks Act, Article (4)(4)(a) of the 89/104 directive and Article 8(5) of regulation 40/94 require the mark known only by a significant part of the public concerned by the products or services covered by it. To oppose a trade mark under Article 8(5) a challenger must prove in the case of an earlier Community trade mark the trade mark has a reputation in the Community and, in the case of an earlier national trade mark, the trade mark has a reputation in the Member State concerned. The Court held that a national Court when is deciding whether a mark had a reputation has to take into account facts like ‘the market share held by the trade mark, the intensity, geographical extent, and duration of its use, and the size of the investment made by the undertaking in promoting it’. In Hag II the Advocate General stated that trade marks found their justification ‘in a harmonious dove-tailing between public and private interests’, the right purpose of the law being to protect the ‘clarity of the signal transmitted by the mark’. The CFI in Spa Monopole v OHIM-Spa finders , held in that the reputation for certain goods or services can not be extended to other goods and services. The Court held that the reputation for mineral waters could not constitute the evidence of reputation for goods in class 3 (namely soaps, perfumery and cosmetics) and that ‘the proprietor of the earlier mark is not required to demonstrate actual and present harm to his mark. He must adduce prima facie evidence of a future risk, which is not hypothetical, of unfair advantage or detriment’. Marks with Reputation on Similar or Dissimilar Goods Section 5(3) of the 1994 Act has been amended to mirror section 10(3) which is relevant to goods and services that are dissimilar to those of the relevant registration. There is no need for there to be any ‘likelihood of confusion’ for an infringement under section 10(3). It was considered in Davidoff Cie SA and Zino Davidoff SA v Gofkid Ltd that a well known mark should receive the same protection where the goods are similar as it receives where the goods are dissimilar. The Court held that member states were entitled to provide specific protection for registered trade marks with a reputation in cases where a later mark or sign, which is identical with or similar to the registered mark, is intended to be used or is used for goods or services identical with or similar to those covered by the registered mark. In Adidas v Fitnessworld the ECJ held that ‘it is sufficient for the degree of similarity between the mark with a reputation and the sign to have the effect that the relevant section of the public establishes a link between the sign and the mark’. It was considered that where a member state exercises the option under Article 4(4) (a) of the directive it is bound to grant the protection in question in cases of use by a third party of a later mark or sign which is identical with or similar to the registered mark with a reputation, in relation to goods or services which are not similar and to goods or services which are identical with or similar to those covered by that mark. In this case the Court stated that ‘Article 5(2) of the directive establishes, for the benefit of trade marks with reputation, a form of protection whose implementation does not require the existence of likelihood of confusion’. The ECJ considered that Article 5(2) of the Directive must be interpreted in the sense that, where the sign is used for identical goods or services, a mark with a reputation must benefit from protection which as extensive as where a sign is used for non-similar goods or services. Unfair Advantage or Detriment A trade mark will not be registered where the use of the later mark must either take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the earlier trade mark. The Court held in Spa-Finders that ‘Unfair advantage encompasses cases of clear exploitation and free-riding on the coat-tails of a famous mark or an attempt to trade upon its reputation, unfairly drawing on and profiting from an earlier mark owner’s goodwill and investment in promotion’. Detriment could take the form of tarnishing or blurring. The association between two marks and between the goods or services to which they relate could be detrimental to the strength and reputation of the earlier mark if it tarnished it by association or made it less distinctive. Evidence of reputation can go a long way toward proving unfair advantage or detriment. Unfair Advantage of the Earlier Mark Advocate General Jacobs in the Adidas case considered that the concept of ‘unfair advantage of distinctive character or repute’, as found in Article 5(2) of the EC Trademark Directive was ‘intended to encompass instances where there is clear exploitation and free-riding on the coattails of a famous mark or an attempt to train upon its reputation’. The CFI in Sigla, stated that the unfair advantage of the repute takes place where there is a risk that the image of the mark with a reputation or the characteristics which it projects are transferred to the goods covered by the second mark, with the result that the marketing of those goods is made easier by that association with the earlier mark with a reputation. Sir Thomas Bingham, in Taittinger SA v Allbev, stated that it would be unfair to allow others to ‘cash in on the reputation that they had done nothing to establish’. In L’Oreal SA v Bellure NV , the defendants were a cosmetic company who were trying to pass off their brand as that of L’Oreal’s. The L’Oreal trade mark is very popular. Jacob LJ looked at the importance of unfair advantage and stated that the relation between the defendants’ packaging and the registered marks, if established, would give an advantage on the defendants. He gave as an example of unfair advantage, where a well known mark in one field is used by another in a same field and therefore excludes the chance for the owner of the registered mark to move into that field in the future. In Akteselkabet af 21 November 2001 v OHIM, the earlier mark benefited from a reputation for ‘apparatus for recording transmission or reproduction of sound or images’ and evidence has been given of its use in sporting events, while the other trade mark was applied for clothing. It was considered by the CFI that as the public was familiarized to seeing the TDK mark on clothing related to sporting events, the use of the second sign on clothing could make the public to believe that such clothing was manufactured by, or under licence from, the owner of the TDK mark. Detrimental to the Distinctive character of the earlier mark It was held in Spa-Finders that there is detriment where the earlier mark is no longer able of beginning direct association with the goods for which it is registered and used. The CFI held that the existence of a link between the marks Spa and Spa-Finders in the mind of the relevant public is not enough to show the risk of detriment to the distinctive character. The Court in Intel Corporation Inc v CPM United Kingdom Ltd said that article 4(4)(a) of the Directive was to be interpreted as meaning that whether there was a link between the earlier mark with a reputation and the later mark was to be assessed globally, taking into account all the relevant factors which included the fact that, for the average consumer, who was reasonably well informed, observant and circumspect, the later mark called the earlier mark with a reputation to mind was tantamount to the existence of such a link between the conflicting marks. It was held in Intel that ‘the fact that the earlier mark had a reputation for certain types of goods or services, and those goods or services and the goods or services for which the later mark was registered were dissimilar or dissimilar to a substantial degree, and the earlier mark was unique in respect of any goods or services, did not necessarily imply that there was a link between the marks’. Jacob LJ thought that there should be more than a ‘mere calling to mind’ of the earlier mark by the average consumer when confronted with the later mark on dissimilar goods. Any detriment should be to the distinctiveness of the earlier mark in relation to the goods and services it covers, no to its attractiveness more generally. The more unique the earlier mark appeared, the greater the likelihood that the use of a later identical or similar mark would be detrimental to its distinctive character. Detriment to the Repute In Claeryn v Klarein the Court considered that the concept of detriment to the repute of a trade mark, often referred to as degradation or tarnishment of the mark, describes the situation where the goods for which the infringing sign is used, appeal to the publics senses in such a way that the trade marks power of attraction is affected. The case of Sigla SA v OHIM, explained that the detriment to the repute occurs where the goods or services, for which the reputed trademark is unjustifiably used, have a quality or a value which may have a negative influence on the image of the earlier mark with reputation. The CFI held in Spa-Finders that there is no ‘antagonism’ between the goods and services covered by the marks which might be detrimental to the repute of Spa mineral waters. The Court notes that it is unlikely that the mark Spa-Finders will tarnish the image of the Spa mark. These marks designate different goods consisting, in mineral waters and, on the other hand, in publications and travel agency services. The Court find that it is unlikely that the goods and services covered by the mark Spa-Finders, even if they turn out to be of lower quality, would diminish the power of attraction of the mark Spa. The closer the goods are the easier to prove a detriment to the repute will be. Without Due Cause When an opponent has established that its earlier trade mark has a reputation, and that use of the applicant’s mark will take unfair advantage of, or to be detrimental to, the earlier mark, the obligation then falls upon the applicant to show that the use would not be without due cause. Jacob LJ noted in L’Oreal v Bellure that the onus of establishing due cause lies with the defendant. In the Nasdaq Stock Market Inc case the CFI held that Nasdaq was distinctive and conveyed an image of modernity which was attractive and relevant to the stock market and to other goods such as the applicant’s. It was considered that the applicant had not established that its use of the trade mark would be founded on due cause within the meaning of Article 8(5), and the Court held that there was no due cause for the applicants use of the sign. The Court in Premier Brands UK v Typhoon Europe, applied the criterion from found that Typhoo was an established brand of tea with a reputation and that the defendant used its mark without due cause. It was held that there would be no likelihood of confusion but proceedings commenced in relation to section 10(3), on the idea that the goods in subject were dissimilar. Neuberger J held that the phrase ‘without due cause’ required an applicant to show some reasonable grounds for using its sign in relation to its goods even this was unfair or detrimental to the earlier mark. Good faith would not justify the registration of a mark. In Hollywood SAS v Souza Cruz SA it was held that ‘the condition of due cause is not fulfilled merely by the fact that the sign is suitable for identifying the products for it is used, the applicant has already used this sign for these or similar products within and outside the territory of the community or the applicant invokes a right ensuring from a filing over which the filing by the proprietor of the opposing trade mark takes precedence’. These factors are guidelines which may the Court use in balancing the competing interests present in dilution cases. Conclusion A trademark is a powerful right. For many businesses, a Trade Mark is a valuable asset which plays a key role in the commercial success of the business. Reputation can improve the distinctiveness of the mark and increase its scope of protection. Trade marks act as a motivation to sustain quality since they act as a guarantee to the consumer. The ECJ has treated the requirement that the trade mark must have a reputation as a threshold that can be included into a global appreciation. As the ECJ has interpreted it, the additional zone identifies that the economic value of a trade mark can reflect ability for doing something more than presenting its important meaning and that this ability can require certain legal protection.